Fig. 1: Variation of the India–Eurasia convergence rate and the isotope compositions of the magmatic rocks in the Gangdese arc.
From: India–Eurasia convergence speed-up by passive-margin sediment subduction
a, Tectonic framework of the Himalaya–Tibetan Plateau and the location of the Gangdese arc59. b, Diagram of \({{\mathcal{E}}}_{{\rm{Nd}}}(t)\) versus 87Sr/86Sr(i), showing the possible roles of Indian continental sediments (Tethys–Himalaya and High-Himalaya sediments) in the formation of the mantle source of the Gangdese Late Mesozoic–Early Cenozoic magmatic rocks during magmatic evolution (Methods). DM, depleted mantle; THS, Tethys–Himalaya sediments; HHS, High-Himalaya sediments. c, Variation of Sr isotope composition, convergence rate and crustal thickness from 100 to 20 Ma. The coloured circles indicate the 87Sr/86Sr(i) isotope ratios of magmatic rocks in the Gangdese arc (also see Extended Data Fig. 4). The grey shaded region represents the thickness of the Gangdese arc inferred from geochemical proxies (such as Sr/Y or La/Yb of whole rock and Eu/Eu* of zircons)51. Dashed and solid lines show reconstructions of the India–Eurasia convergence rate and the India–Africa full-spreading rate (mm yr−1) (refs. 2,6), respectively. a, Figure adapted with permission from ref. 59, Springer Nature Limited.
