Fig. 2: Antifungal mechanism study of mandimycin.
From: A polyene macrolide targeting phospholipids in the fungal cell membrane
a, Time-dependent killing curve of mandimycin against C. albicans BNCC 186382, with CFU counts measured from 0 to 48 h after exposure to mandimycin at concentrations ranging from 2× to 32× MIC. b, Quantification of potassium ions released from C. albicans BNCC 186382 after treatment with varying concentrations of mandimycin. c, A scanning electron microscopy image of C. albicans BNCC 186382 after treatment with 32× MIC of mandimycin under the same conditions as the time-dependent killing curves. Scale bars, 10 μm (left) and 5 μm (right). d, Measurement of mutation frequency in different Candida strains in the presence of polyene macrolide antibiotics. Resistant mutations were induced using 8× MIC of mandimycin, amphotericin B, natamycin and nystatin with 109 fungal cells. All experiments were performed in three biological replicates (data are mean ± s.d., one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)). e,f, ITC plots of mandimycin and amphotericin B titrated with ergosterol (e) or cholesterol (f). The experiment was repeated three times independently with consistent results. g, UV–vis spectra of mandimycin and amphotericin B co-incubated with different ratios of ergosterol. AmpB, amphotericin B; Chol, cholesterol; Erg, ergosterol; H, enthalphy; Mand, mandimycin; Nata, natamycin; Nys, nystatin; ND, not detected; NS, no significant difference.
