Extended Data Fig. 1: BMAL1 is a key transcription factor in regulating circadian variation of myocardial injury.

a-d, RNA-seq analysis of the AAR following 2 h of reperfusion in C57BL/6J mice subjected to IRI at ZT8 or ZT20. a, PCA of mRNA expression profiles. b, Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified between ZT8 and ZT20 (fold change > 1.5, adjusted p < 0.05); Wald test. c, Top five enriched KEGG pathways for DEGs; two-sided Fisher’s exact test. d, Gene dysregulation network showing transcription factors (triangles) and genes (circles), with red and green nodes representing upregulated and downregulated DEGs, respectively, in ZT8 hearts relative to ZT20. Node size indicates degree, and edge width reflects correlation strength. Two-sided Fisher’s exact test. a-d, n = 3 mice/group/time point. e, Volcano plot of DEGs in pre-clamping LV biopsies from cardiac surgical patients grouped by surgery time (morning vs. afternoon); Wald test. f-h, Human RNA-seq analysis of post-clamping LV biopsies comparing morning (AM) and afternoon (PM) groups. f, PCA showing distinct transcriptional signatures between AM and PM groups. g, DEGs identified between AM and PM groups (log₂ fold change > 0.5, p < 0.01); Wald test. h, Top three enriched KEGG pathways for DEGs, with node colour indicating p-value and size representing fold change; two-sided Fisher’s exact test. e-h, n = 56 (morning) and n = 17 (afternoon).