Extended Data Fig. 5: TS dopamine is related to movement, not cue.
From: Dopaminergic action prediction errors serve as a value-free teaching signal
a, Change in percentage of completed trials (where animals made a left or right choice after leaving the center port) in trials with a normal stimulus (tone) or silence trials (p = 0.23, paired two-sided t-test, Cohen’s d = 1.15). b, Average photometry traces of one mouse aligned to contralateral choice. c, As for B but an average across mice (n = 3 mice). d, Change in peak response to the contralateral choice if the associated cloud of tones is replaced with silence (p = 0.31, paired two-sided t-test, Cohen’s d = 0.79). e, The number of tone-contralateral action pairings or silence-contralateral action pairings that the mice experienced prior to the recordings in B-D, (p = 0.07, paired two-sided t-test, Cohen’s d = 2.10). f, Difference in average speed for tone and silence trials for TS mice (n = 3), (p = 0.28, paired t-test, Cohen’s d = 0.84). g, Difference in average turn angle for tone and silence trials for TS mice (n = 3), (p = 0.75, paired two-sided t-test, Cohen’s d = 0.21). h, Animals were allowed to move freely in a different arena to the training box whilst dLight signals were recorded from the TS. Inset: Head angle during a detected turn in the freely moving arena. Dark blue line represents the orientation of the head at the beginning of the turn. Light blue line shows head orientation 0.5 s later. i, Example photometry response in the TS to contralateral and ipsilateral turn onsets in the freely moving arena. j, As in I but averaged across animals (n = 3 mice). k, Example traces from a TS recording session in the frequency discrimination task separated by size of the response. l, Average turn angle for these quartiles plotted against quartile midpoint (example session). m, The plateau of the sigmoid for each trial turn angle vs the average peak size of the TS photometry signal per quartile based on the photometry signal (example session). n, Data from early in training (first three recorded sessions) is analyzed as shown in O and a regression slope fitted (TS: n = 18 (6 mice, 3 sessions), VS: n = 21 (7 mice, 3 sessions). The slopes of the regressions (averaged per mouse) were tested against zero (one sample two-sided t-test). The TS slopes were significantly greater than zero (p = 0.03, Cohen’s d = 1.20), whereas the VS slopes were not (p = 0.87, Cohen’s d = −0.06). o, Schematic of the task structure when sound indicating an upcoming contralateral trial was played as mice return to the center port in 51.66 +/− 0.04 % of trials. p, Average dopamine response aligned to sound played while mice returned to the center during early training (n = 6 mice). q, Same as p but aligned to contralateral choice. r, Average amplitude of dopamine response aligned to the sound and choice across mice (p = 0.0047, Cohen’s d = 1.97). Size of the sound response is significantly smaller than zero (p = 0.008793, one-sample one-sided t-test against zero). s, Same as P but ipsi- and contralateral returns are plotted separately and returns without concomitant cue are also shown. t, Difference in response size of returns shown in S (circles, p = 0.2945, one way ANOVA, n = 6 mice) and response sizes of mice when the cue is novel during the first training session (crosses, p = 0.2815, Kruskal Wallis test, n = 3 mice). u, Schematic of the arena where the high and low tone task sounds were played passively as the mice explored. Passive sounds responses were tested in mice that were at an early stage of training on the CoT task (average performance 60.6 +/− 6.4 % in n = 5 mice). v, Average dopamine response in the TS during contralateral movement in the 2AC task (dark blue) and during passive sound presentation in subsequent exploration (pale blue) (n = 5 mice). w, Average amplitude of choice aligned response in the task and of passive sound response during exploration across mice (p = 0.0092, paired t-test, Cohen’s d = 2.11). There is no significant response to the sound (p = 0.45, one-sample two-sided t-test against zero). x, Average dopamine response in the TS during contralateral movement in the 2AC task (dark blue) and during passive presentation of white noise in subsequent exploration (pale blue) (n = 3 mice). Mice had on average experienced 93 presentations +/- 3.30 of white noise as a task cue before these recordings, this is less than half than during the CoT state-change experiment (195 + /−35 trials). y, Average amplitude of choice aligned response in the task and of white noise response during exploration across mice (p = 0.02, paired t-test, Cohen’s d = 3.87). There is no significant response to the sound (p = 0.84, one-sample two-sided t-test against zero). All error bars represent SEM.
