Fig. 2: Uniparental genetic marker and biological relatedness of the Fujia individuals.
From: Ancient DNA reveals a two-clanned matrilineal community in Neolithic China

a, A zoom-in view of the burials excavated from the Fujia site, showing the spatial distribution of the sampled individuals, colour-coded according to their mtDNA haplotypes and annotated with labels indicating the genetic sex of each individual. Scale bar, 2 m. b, Genetic relatedness of the Fujia individuals. The innermost circle represents the genetic sex of each individual: squares for male and circles for female, along with mitochondrial haplotypes indicated by colour. The middle layer indicates Y-chromosome haplotypes for male individuals. The outermost layer shows each individual ID. Lines within the inner circle illustrate genetic kinship among individuals, estimating first- to third-degree relationships from KIN, and fourth- to sixth-degree relationships from ancIBD. Sample names in grey represent individuals excluded from the IBD analysis. c, Pie charts showing the compositions and frequencies of mtDNA and Y-chromosome haplotypes, highlighting low mtDNA diversity and high Y-chromosome diversity. d, Examples of burials adhering to maternal lineages involving a pair of second-degree relatives, N01 and S32, who have different mtDNA. In both cases, their burials correspond to their respective maternal lineages, as inferred from the pedigrees. e, Heat map showing pairwise IBD sharing between individuals with more than 240,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (n = 44), illustrating extensive kinship between Fujia_N and Fujia_S. f, The pairwise IBD sharing of paired individuals from inter-cemetery groups (Fujia_N, n = 78 pairs; Fujia_S, n = 561 pairs) and intra-cemetery groups (Fujia_N/S, n = 442 pairs), revealing closer biological relatedness within the same cemetery. Box plots show the median (centre line), first and third quartiles (lower and upper hinges), and whiskers extending to 1.5× interquartile range from the hinges. ***P value < 0.001, from two-sided t-test.