Extended Data Fig. 5: Effects of PM_2.5 exposure in large genomic alterations in LCINS.

a,b, Differences in the number of CN segments and SV events using univariate comparisons based on two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum tests (a) as well as multivariable linear regressions, considering clinical and epidemiological covariates (b), including age, sex, genetic ancestry, histology, and tumour purity, for patients diagnosed in geographical regions with high and low PM_2.5 exposure levels (threshold defined at 20 μg m⁻³; n = 440 high-pollution group, n = 413 low-pollution group; only samples for which the country of origin was known are included). The line within the box indicates the median, the upper and lower ends indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, whiskers show 1.5 × interquartile range, and values outside are shown as individual data points (a). Error bars indicate 95% CIs (b). c, Volcano plots indicating enrichment of mutational signatures derived from CN and SV alterations. Horizontal lines marking statistically significant thresholds were included at 0.05 (dashed orange line) and 0.01 FDR value levels (dashed red line). Statistical significance was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression models for PM_2.5 exposure levels and adjusted by age, sex, genetic ancestry, histology, and tumour purity.