Extended Data Fig. 1: Gene expression, lignification and resealing the barrier during periderm regeneration.

a, Cross sections of periderm reporter roots one day after the injury. In the periderm, the promoter activity of PER49, PBP1, AT1G14120 and AT3G26450 was preferentially detected in the phellogen/young phellem, in the whole periderm, in the whole periderm but weakly in the phelloderm, and in the dividing cells (presumably the phellogen), respectively. b, A Cross section of wild-type roots four days after 17-day-old roots were injured. Orange and blue arrowheads indicate the normal periderm or the wound sites, respectively. c, Venus signal intensities in distal phloem parenchyma or exposed vascular tissues of periderm reporter lines. Two-tailed Welch’s t-test (**; P < 0.01) was used except for proWOX4:erVenus; Kruskal-Wallis test (P < 0.01) followed by Pairwise Two-tailed Welch’s t-test for multiple comparisons with holm correction was used for proWOX4:erVenus (different characters indicate statistically significant differences between two groups; P < 0.05). n indicates the number of examined cross-sections. d, Cross sections of proPXY:erVenus root without injury or at 2 or 4 dai. The seedlings were grown for four days after injury on MS (4 dai) or 10 µM ACC-supplemented MS (4 dai with ACC) plates. e, The normalized Venus signal intensities in the vascular cambium and xylem parenchyma region of 21-day-old proPXY:erVenus roots without injury, and at 2 and 4 dai. Kruskal-Wallis test (P < 0.01) followed by Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner pairwise comparisons was used (different characters indicate statistically significant differences between two groups, **; P < 0.01). n indicates the number of examined cross sections. f, The proportion of proPXY:GUS signal strength at the wound site in the seedlings at 2 and 4 dai. The proPXY:GUS seedlings were grown for four days after injury on MS or 10 µM ACC-supplemented MS plates. Two-sided Fisher’s exact test was used to test significant difference between 4 dai and 4 dai with ACC (**; P < 0.01). n indicates the number of examined wound sites. g, Cross sections of 18-day-old proPER15:erVenus roots at 1 dai grown on MS plate supplemented with 0.01% DMSO (Mock), 10 µM MeJA (MeJA), 0.01% ethanol (Mock) or 10 µM ABA (ABA) for one day after the injury. h, The proportion of cells at the wound site showing Venus signal intensities above the threshold was quantified at 1 dai in mock, MeJA, or ABA-treated 18-day-old proPER15:erVenus roots. Two-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used (ns; P  ≥  0.05). n indicates the number of examined cross sections. Venus signal intensities in a,d,g and lignin staining intensities (with Basic Fuchsin) in b are shown according to the colour map on the right. White, SR2200 (cell wall). n indicates the number of examined cross sections. Scale bars: 50 µm. White boxes in g mark empty corners of stitched images. Scale bars: 50 µm.

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