Fig. 5: Representation of choice.

See also Extended Data Figs. 5, 7 and 11 and data in the IBL Brain Atlas (https://atlas.internationalbrainlab.org/?alias=bwm_choice). Figure parts and statistics are as for Fig. 4. The analysed choice interval is −100 ms to 0 ms relative to the first wheel-movement time. a, Decoding. Null-corrected median balanced accuracy. b, Single-cell statistics. Fraction of neurons significantly modulated by choice side in −100 to 0 ms relative to the first wheel-movement time. Mann–Whitney and condition combined Mann-Whitney tests at P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively. Significance was based on the binomial distribution of false-positive events and FDR_0.01. c, Population trajectory distance. Time-resolved maximum Euclidean distance (d_max in spikes per s, for dimension = number of cells per region, log₁₀) between trajectories for left versus right choices. Significance is relative to a shuffle control and FDR_0.01. d, Population trajectory latency. First time crossing 70% of the d_max for significant regions relative to movement onset. e, Encoding. Mean absolute difference ∣ΔR²∣ in improvements from 200-ms anticausal kernels aligned to the right and left first-movement times. See Extended Data Fig. 9 for separation by the median first wheel-movement time. f, Effect significance (grey, not significant; a–c) and size (by darkness; a–c,e) by region. g, Spike raster of an example GRN neuron (Supplementary Table 3). Trials per condition are shown in temporal order, with every third trial shown. h, Top, PETHs (shading indicates  ±1 s.e.m.) aligned to the first wheel-movement time on left (blue) and right (red) choice trials and full encoding model prediction for an example neuron in g. Bottom, the same PETHs but with predictions from a model that omitted left and right first-movement regressors. i, Decoded choice probability from 68 neurons in the GRN (Supplementary Table 3). j, Trial-averaged population trajectories in GRN neurons from left and right choice trials in three PCA dimensions. Dots, single time bins; darker colours indicate times closer to the first wheel-movement time. Grey (control), pseudo-trajectories from trials with a randomized choice, controlling for correlations with stimulus and block. k, Trajectory distance between left and right choice for GRN neurons, showing ramping activity. Grey, pseudo-trajectory distances. l, Trajectory distances across regions (with neuron numbers indicated) showing ramping choice-modulation with time. m, Maximal population trajectory distance and modulation latency (diamonds, significant regions; dots, not significant regions). Extended Data Figure 10b,e,h shows a longer time window and more neurons.