Fig. 5: Characterization and performance of hydrogels identified by DM (G-max) and ML optimization (R1-max, R2-max and R3-max).
From: Data-driven de novo design of super-adhesive hydrogels
a, Formulations of the gels. b, Photographic images showing the appearance of the gels. c, Uniaxial tensile stress–strain curves of the gels at a stretch rate of 100 mm min−1. d, Fa of hydrogels as a function of contact time (left) and contact force (right) on glass in normal saline. e, Fa of R1-max on various substrates in normal saline. PC, polycarbonate; PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate); PF, phenol formaldehyde; POM, polyoxymethylene; PP, polypropylene; PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene; Al, aluminium alloy; Ti, titanium alloy; SS, stainless steel. f, Photographic image showing R1-max (25 mm × 25 mm in size, about 0.4 mm thickness) joining pairs of ceramics (left), glass (middle) and titanium (right) plates under a 1-kg load in normal saline for over 1 year. g, Fa on glass substrate in deionized water, normal saline and artificial seawater (0.7 M NaCl) for hydrogels equilibrated in the corresponding solutions. The asterisk on G-max indicates cohesive failure during testing. Error bars represent the standard deviation of N = 3 measurements.
