Fig. 3: Status of shortfall and overshoot in a disaggregated Doughnut framework for three country clusters.

a, Poorest 40% of countries. b, Middle 40% of countries. c, Richest 20% of countries. Values shown for each indicator are population-based aggregates of national values in 2017 (except for the public transport indicator, which shows equivalent values in 2020 owing to a lack of earlier data), with countries clustered by percentile level of income per capita. Social wedges (inner ring) show the status of each country cluster’s population relative to minimum social standards and ecological wedges (outer ring) show the status of each country cluster’s consumption-based environmental ‘footprints’ relative to downscaled per capita boundaries. The colours used are as per Fig. 1. Social wedges start at the inner edge of the social foundation (which represents zero human deprivation), whereas ecological wedges start at the outer edge of the social foundation (which represents zero environmental footprint). Values are proportional to the length of each wedge, which leads to a quadratic scaling of wedge area that may lead some readers to perceive small changes as more significant than they are. To address this limitation, we provide Fig. 4 with a bar-chart representation that avoids this quadratic scaling issue. A maximum of two indicators are included to illustrate country-cluster performance in each social or ecological dimension. See Supplementary Table 1 for details on the social indicators, Supplementary Table 2 for details on the environmental footprint indicators, including their respective downscaled per capita boundaries, and Supplementary Data for data for all country clusters.