Fig. 4: Association between street access to buildings and different dimensions human development.
From: Infrastructure deficits and informal settlements in sub-Saharan Africa
a–d, Measures of service provision, education and wealth are mutually correlated in demographic and health surveys and well characterized by the first component in a principal component analysis (PCA) of 67 distinct variables (Supplementary Table 2 and Extended Data Fig. 2). The lines shows the variation of the principal component (PC) with block complexity k at the regional level across nations and urban areas. The relationship is negative (colour scale), showing that higher k (and inferred informality) is systematically associated with lower female literacy (5.3% reduction per k; a), lower access to a water source on premises (2.8% reduction per k; b), lower access to an improved sanitation facility (4.5% reduction per k; c) and with lower wealth (1.5% reduction per k; d). Extended Data Fig. 5 shows a larger set of human development outcomes. Extended Data Fig. 6 shows fit residuals.
