Fig. 2: Dielectric dispersion of nanoconfined water.
From: In-plane dielectric constant and conductivity of confined water
a, Examples of the dielectric spectra for three representative h. The colour-coded symbols are the peak values for |dC/dz| curves as in Fig. 1e, normalized by their magnitude at low f. Spectra before normalization are shown in Extended Data Fig. 10. The error bars indicate the random noise level as measured at each f. Solid curves, best fits using the numerical simulations. The fits match fc (yielding σ//) and the y-axis position of the high-f plateau (yielding ε//). Dashed curves, same simulations for bulk water (εbulk = 80 and σbulk = 2 × 10−4 S m−1; see Methods). The black lines show the evolution of fc and fr with decreasing h. b, Dielectric images (|dC/dz| in units of zF nm−1) taken for individual channels with h ≈ 1.5 and 5 nm (empty and filled with water), as specified in the legends. Upper panels, images for a fixed-y position of the AFM tip; about 25 lines were recorded at each f. Lower panels, images at 1.1 GHz; about 100 lines are shown for clarity because of higher noise. Scale bars, 500 nm.
