Extended Data Fig. 4: Comparison of proliferative-exhausted CD8⁺ T cells between COVID-19, sepsis, and HIV.

(a) Fraction of CD8⁺ T cells per disease (COVID-19, sepsis, and HIV) that are proliferative-exhausted. (b) Summary of metabolic pathway activities for proliferative-exhausted vs. other CD8⁺ T cells in each disease. For the box plots, n = 90 pathways for each condition. Boxes indicate 25^th, 50^th, and 75^th percentiles. Whiskers indicate 1.5 interquartile ranges below and above the 25^th and 75^th percentiles, respectively. (c) Venn diagram of metabolic pathway-related genes that are uniquely elevated in proliferative-exhausted CD8⁺ T cells of each disease. (d) Gene ontology analysis of metabolic genes uniquely elevated in proliferative-exhausted CD8⁺ T cells of COVID-19, showing only the processes that have greater than fivefold enrichment in the COVID-19 condition.