Extended Data Fig. 2: Sparse deconvolution for Argo-SIM slide under different SNR conditions.

(a-e) The results with different SNRs. We set the imaging condition of results in (a) as the full SNR (‘1 SNR’), and the SNRs decreased from 1/2 to 1/16 for the results in (b-e). Left panel, from top to bottom: the averaged wide-field (WF) image (NA 1.4), the image reconstructed by Wiener-SIM (‘2D-SIM’), the image reconstructed by Wiener-SIM and followed by RL deconvolution with 50 iterations (‘RL-SIM’), and our Sparse-SIM model result. Right panel, from top to bottom: the corresponding fluorescence profiles along lines crossing the middle of the left panel. When the SNR was in the range of 1~1/4, the 2D-SIM, RL-SIM, and Sparse-SIM distinguished pair lines up to 150 nm, 120 nm, and 60 nm, respectively. When the SNR was in the range of 1/8~1/16, 2D-SIM and RL-SIM failed to reconstruct the paired parallel lines, and snowflake-like artifacts emerged. However, under similar conditions, Sparse-SIM still resolved the pair parallel lines up to 90 nm and 120 nm, respectively.