Fig. 4: Denoising performance of DeepCAD-RT on neurotransmitter imaging in live mice.
a, Low-SNR recording of extracellular ATP release in the mouse brain. b, DeepCAD-RT enhanced data with low-SNR recording as the input. c, Synchronized high-SNR data with tenfold photons. Magnified views showing ATP dynamics in the yellow boxed region in a 2-s period. Each frame was integrated for 67 ms; scale bars, 50 μm for the large FOV and 10 μm for magnified views. d–f, y-t slices along the dashed line in c. Two ATP release events are indicated with arrowheads of different colors; scale bars, 50 μm for y and 50 s for t. g, Pearson correlation coefficients of x-y, y-t and x-t slices before and after denoising; x-y slice, N = 7,000; y-t slice, N = 476; x-t slice, N = 476. h, Peak ΔF/F0 (F is the fluorescence trace and F0 is the baseline fluorescence approximated by the average of the entire trace) of high-SNR data with tenfold fluorescence photons during the whole imaging session (~480 s). Manually annotated release sites are marked with white circles (N = 80); scale bar, 50 μm. i, Left, box plots showing Pearson correlations of fluorescence traces extracted from release sites in h before and after denoising (N = 80). Traces extracted from high-SNR data with tenfold photons were used as the ground truth for correlation calculation. Right, increases of trace correlation. Each line represents 1 of 80 traces, and increased correlations are colored green. P values calculated by one-sided paired t-test are specified with asterisks; ****P < 0.0001 for all comparisons.
