Extended Data Fig. 2: Generalization and Robustness validation of rDL SIM.
a, Typical SR images of F-actin, MTs and CCPs reconstructed by rDL SIM (top right corner) and CARE-SIM (bottom left corner) trained with only F-actin data. Zoom-in regions show the comparisons of raw SIM images, GT-SIM images and SR images reconstructed by conventional SIM (Conv. SIM), CARE-SIM, rDL SIM trained with F-actin data (orange) and rDL SIM trained with corresponding specimens (red). These results illustrate the strong generalization capability of rDL SIM. b, PSNR quantifications of CARE-SIM and rDL-SIM in terms of F-actin, MTs and CCPs, where both models are trained with only F-actin data. The PSNRs of Conv. SIM are shown for reference, n = 145. Center line, medians; limits, 75% and 25%; whiskers, the larger value between the largest data point and the 75th percentiles plus 1.5× the interquartile range (IQR), and the smaller value between the smallest data point and the 25th percentiles minus 1.5× the IQR; outliers, data points larger than the upper whisker or smaller than the lower whisker. c, Plots of amplitudes (left) and orientations (right) of the pattern wave vector for the 45,000-time-point ER data shown in Fig. 3h and Supplementary Video 8. The pattern parameters are estimated from the single time point of raw SIM images (gray lines), averaged 20 consecutive time points of raw SIM images (black lines), single time point of CARE denoised images (blue lines) and rDL denoised images (orange lines). d, Representative rDL SIM images of F-actin with the pattern initial phase shifted by -0.2π, -0.1π, 0, 0.1π and 0.2π, respectively, relative to that of GT-SIM. Conv. SIM and GT-SIM images are shown for reference. The PSNRs are labelled at the top right of all Conv. SIM images and rDL SIM images. e, PSNR quantifications of the rDL SIM images at different phase errors under different fluorescence intensity levels in the cases of F-actin, n = 50. f, Representative rDL SIM images of F-actin with spherical or coma aberration distorted PSF in MPE branch. Conv. SIM and GT-SIM images are shown for reference. Scale bar, 1μm (a), 0.5 μm (zoom-in regions in a), 1.5 μm (d and f), and 0.5 μm (zoom-in regions in d and f). Gamma value: 0.7 for all SIM images of F-actin.
