Correction to: Nature Biotechnology https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-024-02227-x, published online 22 April 2024

In the version of the article initially published, reference 2 was incorrect. It should be Vital Transformation, LLC. The US Ecosystem for Medicines. https://vitaltransformation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Where-do-new-medicines-originate_FINAL2022_12_05.pdf (2022). This has now been amended in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.