Extended Data Fig. 10: Isoform switching during the differentiation of human ESC to PE and PGC.

a, Expression heatmap of 151 genes with isoform switches from ESC to PE (left); and for each gene, the maximal difference of the usage ratios (ranging from 0% to 100%) of its isoforms between ESC and PE are plotted (right). These results are based on analyses utilizing dRNA-ONT and Illumina data. b, Parallel to panel a, but presenting 161 genes with isoform switches from ESC to PGC. These results are based on analyses utilizing dRNA-ONT and Illumina data. c, Violin plots comparing the overall expression of isoform-switching genes during the differentiation ESC to PE (n = 151 genes, left) and PGC (n = 161 genes, right). The P values are calculated by the two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test. These results are based on analyses utilizing cDNA-ONT plus Illumina data (top), and dRNA-ONT plus Illumina data (bottom). d, Genome browser showing an example gene with isoform switches. For each gene isoform, the usage ratios (ranging from 0% to 100%) in three samples are specified within parentheses, which are based on analyses utilizing cDNA-ONT and Illumina data. To improve readability, certain intron regions are condensed. e, Overlap of isoform-switching genes identified in the two differentiation trajectories.