Fig. 2: The correlation of 29 agronomic traits among different grape populations.

a, Schematic diagram of agronomic traits of grape fruits investigated, including five identified categories. Traits in each category are labeled. b, PCA map showing the relationships among all agronomic traits. The distance between variables and the origin measures the quality (index by cos2 value) of the variables. c, UMAP plot (base map) generated from 29 trait scores for three grape populations. Scores were scaled and centered (Z-score) across all individuals for each trait independently. The points indicate individual grapes and are colored by different populations. UMAP plots from content of Suc and BV traits were generated by mapping these scores to the UMAP base map. d, Box plot of mean pairwise phenotypic distances within the population (identity), and between all other populations (other). Sample sizes are 5,778, 5,778, 5,565, 23,112, 23,112 and 22,896 pairs. Boxes, 25% to 75% quartiles; horizontal line, median; whiskers, inner fence within 1.5× box height; circles, outliers within 1.5× box height; asterisks, outliers beyond 1.5× box height. Statistical significance was determined by two-sided Student’s t-tests. BB, berry bloom; BC, berry color; BD, bunch density; BeS, berry shape; BF, particularity of flavor; BuS, bunch shape; BuW, weight of a single bunch; Cit, content of citric acid; EDP, ease of detachment from pedicel; FF, firmness of flesh; FJ, juiciness of flesh; Mal, content of malic acid; SA, astringent of skin; SBN, number of subsidiary bunch; SL, length of seeds; SN, number of seeds; ST, thickness of skin; UMS, uniformity of time of physiological stage of full maturity of the berry; WPB, number of wings of the primary bunch.