Fig. 5: Sex-biased spatial distribution patterns revealed by Xenium.

a, H&E images, spatially resolved renal zones and cell types of W92 kidneys generated by Xenium for demonstration (n = 1 for each sex). Dashed boxes indicate zoomed regions in the next panel. b, Magnified view of renal zones and tubular cell types in female and male kidneys. c, Bubble plot of average and percent expression levels for each pattern. d, Single-cell sex-biased spatial expression patterns. e, Top, cropped spatial expression pattern of male-biased gene Pigr, along with PT and PT(S3) markers Lrp2 and Aqp7, respectively. Bottom, average expression trend plot of Pigr in the cropped region (Method). f, Zoomed OSOM view of Pigr, Aqp7 and PT(S3) in female and male mouse kidneys. g, Top, cropped spatial expression pattern of male-biased gene Akr1c21, along with PT and PT(S3) markers Lrp2 and Aqp7, respectively. Bottom, average expression trend plot of Akr1c21 in the cropped region. h, Zoomed OSOM view of Akr1c21, Aqp7 and PT(S3) in female and male mouse kidneys. i, Single-cell spatial expression profile of Prlr, Jak2 and Socs2 in kidneys of both sexes. j, Zoomed-in view of Prlr, Jak2, Socs2 and PT(S3) in the OSOM zone mouse kidneys of both sexes. k, Expression trend plot of Prlr, Jak2 and Socs2 in the cropped region. ISOM, inner stripe of the outer medulla; TAL, loop of Henle thick ascending limb; DTL, loop of Henle thin descending limb.