Fig. 3: Forest plot showing results of Mendelian randomization analysis for stuttering and previously reported comorbid traits.

a, Debiased inverse-variance weighted Mendelian randomization analysis estimating causal inference (comorbid trait → stuttering). b, Debiased inverse-variance weighted Mendelian randomization analysis estimating causal inference (stuttering → comorbid trait). Data are represented as estimates; error bars, SE. Filled circles are statistically significant (debiased inverse-variance weighted estimator P < 3.33 × 10⁻³ after Bonferroni correction for testing 15 associations that were genetically correlated with stuttering). Full information on traits used for analyses can be found in Supplementary Table 15. Full results along with other Mendelian randomization methods can be found in Supplementary Table 17. ASD, autism spectrum disorder.