Extended Data Fig. 5: Miami plot for female-specific meta-analysis and male-specific meta-analysis.

Ancestry-combined, sex-specific meta-analyses were performed using multi-ancestry meta-regression via MR-MEGA (see Methods). a, The multi-ancestry female meta-analysis (top panel in orange) included 682,388 total samples (51,559 self-reported stuttering cases) and 41,960,804 autosomal variants (see Methods). Five loci reached genome-wide significance (dotted line P < 5 × 10⁻⁸). The multi-ancestry male meta-analysis (bottom panel in blue) included 440,631 total samples (48,217 self-reported stuttering cases) and 41,937,718 autosomal variants (see Methods). Three loci reached genome-wide significance (dotted line P < 5 × 10⁻⁸). The x-axis represents chromosome base pair coordinates in human genome build 37, and the y-axis represents observed −log₁₀(P-value) for each GWAS. Annotated genes for each GWAS includes the predicted functional gene for each loci (when available) according to Open Targets V2G pipeline. b, Q-Q plot for the female-specific meta-analysis. c, Q-Q plot for the male-specific meta-analysis. Q-Q plot x-axes represent expected −log₁₀(P-value), and y-axes represent observed −log₁₀(P-value), with 95% CI indicated by shaded region. Note: P-values were adjusted for genomic control.