Extended Data Fig. 4: Radial phylogenetic tree of representative sulfatases from subfamily S1_16.

The tree comprises a total of 1368 sequences of which 854 are Bacteroidetes; 211 are Planctomycetes; 107 are Kiritimatiellaeota; 64 are Verrucomicrobia; 53 are Lentisphaerae. For clarity all labels and sequence accession codes have been omitted. The annotations next to the colour code reveal the presence or absence of conservation of the critical residues in substrate recognition by BT3057^{4S-Gal/GalNAc} (acc-code Q8A397) in the following order: W109, H182, and H423. Sequences coded by orange branches contain an additional W332 present in BT3796^{4S-Gal/GalNAc} (acc-code Q8A171) but absent in other sequences. For simplification the residue numbers have been omitted, except for W332. The residues are coloured as following: black means an equivalent amino acid is present; a grey and bold letter at any position means that the corresponding residue is replaced by that amino acid; a grey and italic letter at any position means that the equivalent position is replaced by any type of amino acid; a bold grey letter followed by one-letter codes in parentheses indicates that the equivalent position can be substituted by any of those amino acids; the dash at the H-equivalent position indicates that no equivalent amino acid can be deduced from the multiple alignment. When two patterns are indicated separated by a comma (that is W - H, W H -) both have been given the same colour code. Branches having the same colour have the corresponding pattern in common. Red filled circles designate sequences of S1_16 sulfatases from B. thetaiotaomicron (See Supplementary Fig. 4 for full tree).