Fig. 5: Correlation of IFN and cytokine expression patterns with disease outcomes.

a–c, Comparison of hospitalization time between patients with COVID-19 and flu. All patients (a), patients with noncritical disease (b) and patients with critical disease (c) are shown. d, Correlation matrix of cytokine concentration levels in serum at the day 1–3 time interval after hospital admission of patients with COVID-19, indicating correlations between cytokines and total hospitalization time (TIME) or other cytokines. e,f, Correlation of IL-6 (e) and CCL3 (f) levels in serum with the duration of total hospitalization of all patients with COVID-19. g, Correlation of IFN-λ1 levels with viral load expressed as computed tomography values in bronchial aspirates collected at the same time interval as the sera used for IFN-λ1 quantification. h, Correlation of IFN-λ1 levels with time required for viral clearance assessed as the first negative SARS-CoV-2 test. i, Correlation of IFN-λ1:IFN-α ratio with the duration of hospitalization in the ICU. Dots show individual measurements of patients with COVID-19. Open and shaded dots correspond to noncritically and critically ill patients with COVID-19, respectively (e–i). For a–c, P values for the comparison of hospitalization curves between patient groups were determined using the log-rank test. For d–i, P values for the strength and direction of association between the two variables, as indicated in each panel, were determined using the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient for nonparametric data. **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001.