Extended Data Fig. 3: Temporal cytokine patterns of COVID-19 and flu patients in relation to disease symptoms onset.

a, Schematic showing the experimental design with sampling at specific time intervals after disease symptoms onset of 32 COVID-19 and 16 flu patients with pneumonia, and 10 healthy individuals. b, Levels of IFN-λ1, IFN-α, IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10 and CCL3 concentration at various time intervals after disease symptoms onset. c, Levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-23, CCL4 and CX3CL1 concentration at various time intervals after disease symptoms onset. Data are presented as scatter plots with dots showing individual patient measurements, columns median values and error bars range. For COVID-19, n = 7, 15, 17, 19 and 14 for each of the five consecutive time intervals. For flu, n = 16, 11, 3 and 11, respectively. For healthy, n = 10. Grey shading marks the limit of quantification of the assay. P values were determined by a two tailed Mann–Whitney U test for non-parametric comparisons. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 show significance over healthy controls. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 and ^###P < 0.001 show significance between COVID-19 and flu groups.