Extended Data Fig. 2: Comparative studies of human primitive and definitive erythroid cells.

a, Boxplots showing the log-transformed, normalized expression of ENO1 and LDHA in C1 cells of YS, FL and UCB (YS C1, n = 1,636 cells; FL C1, n = 5,344 cells; UCB C1, n = 1,393 cells). The horizontal line across the box indicates the median value and the box represents the first and third quartiles. b, UMAP visualization of the distribution of integrated GYPA⁺ erythroid precursors in distinct cell cycle phases. c, Stacked bar chart (left) displaying the proportion of cells at different cell cycle phases in each designated cluster. Pie plot (right) depicts the proportion of C2 cells originating from YS, FL and UCB. d, Heatmap showing the relative expression (scaled by row) of the top 10 signature genes in C3 cells of YS. e, Dot plot showing the expression of HBE1 and HBG1/2 in human YS and FL erythroid precursors. Cells in C1 to C4 were classified as primitive and definitive erythroid precursors according to the relative expression of HBE1 and HBG1/2. f, Venn diagram illustrating the common and unique genes expressed in human YS primitive and FL definitive erythroid precursors. g, Dot plot depicting the expression of genes specific for human YS primitive or FL definitive erythroid cells. Dot color represents the relative expression level and dot size represents the percentage of cells expressing this gene. h, Heatmap showing the relative expression (scaled by row) of DEGs identified by comparing human YS primitive and FL definitive erythroid cells. Representative key transcription factors (TFs) and genes encoding cell surface markers (Surface) were listed in red and blue, respectively. i, GO enrichment analysis of DEGs identified by comparing human YS primitive and FL definitive erythroid cells. P values were determined by hypergeometric test.