Extended Data Fig. 1: Alum injections induce pathological autoantibody production.

a, Treatment and analysis scheme. 6–8-week-old female B6 mice were i.p. injected with PBS or alum (1 mg/mouse) and analyzed as indicated. b,c, ELISA of serum IL-1β (b) and anti-dsDNA IgG (c). d-f, FC percentages of splenic nucleosome- or DNA-reactive antibody-forming cells (AFCs) (d), IgM^–IgG1⁺CD19⁺ B, plasma cells (PC, B220^intCD138⁺CD3⁻) and IgM^–IgG2b⁺CD19⁺ B cells (e), TFH cells (CXCR5⁺PD1⁺CD44⁺CD4⁺) and GC B cells (GL7⁺CD38^-B220⁺CD3^-CD11b^-CD11c⁻) (f). g, Treatment and analysis scheme of female B6 mice used in h,i. h, ELISA of serum anti-dsDNA IgG. i, FC percentages of splenic Tfh cells (CXCR5⁺ICOS⁺Foxp3^-CD4⁺), GC B and MZ B cells (CD21^hiCD23⁻B220⁺). j, ELISA of serum anti-dsDNA IgG 100 days after the 1^st alum injection as in g (male: n = 6/PBS, n = 9/Alum; Female: n = 8/PBS, n = 14/Alum). Results in (b-f and h-j) are mean ± SD. n = 5/group (b-f). n = 10/0 d, n = 13/100 d, n = 10/130 d (h, i). Kruskal–Wallis test (b-f, h and i) and two-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple-comparison test (j).

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