Extended Data Fig. 1: Bacterial and fungal diversity in farm and non-farm homes.

In the LUKA1 farm homes, the bacterial/archaeal richness (n = 107), with median 652 OTUs (IQR 567–708), and Shannon entropy, with median 7.8 (IQR 7.2–8.2), were consistently higher than in the majority of the rural control homes (n = 96) where the respective values were 449 (IQR 384–555) for richness and 6.7 (IQR 5.9–7.2) for Shannon entropy (Wilcoxon, two-sided P < 0.0001). In fungal microbiota, there was a tendency for higher richness, with median 263 (217–306) fungal OTUs, and Shannon entropy, with median 3.9 (3.4–4.3), in the rural control (n = 97) than farm homes (n = 101) where the respective values were 252 (195–301; P = 0.12) for richness and 3.7 (3.3–4.1; Wilcoxon, two-sided P = 0.07) for Shannon entropy. The boxes represent the IQR with the median marked within the box, the whiskers represent the minimum/maximum value within 1.5 IQR below the lower quartile/above the upper quartile, respectively, and the dots represent outliers.