Fig. 4: The flow of information in a digitally enabled and integrated public-health system during an infectious-disease outbreak.

Digital data are created by the public, both at the population level and at the individual level, for epidemiological intelligence and public-health interventions, and for the support of clinical case management. They are also informed by conventional surveillance via laboratory and clinical notification. This feeds into public-health decision-making and communication with the public through digital channels. Other relevant sources of information include population, demographic, economic, social, transport, weather and environmental data.