Fig. 1: COVID-19 severity correlates with anti-S antibodies.
From: Delayed production of neutralizing antibodies correlates with fatal COVID-19
a,b, Plasma reactivity to S protein and RBD in patients with COVID-19. a, Anti-S IgM and IgG. IgM (HCW, n = 21; non-hospitalized, n = 21; moderate, n = 92; severe, n = 25; deceased, n = 14). IgG (HCW, n = 87; non-hospitalized, n = 21; moderate, n = 94; severe, n = 23; deceased, n = 34). b, Anti-RBD IgM and IgG. IgM (HCW, n = 21; non-hospitalized, n = 7; moderate, n = 75; severe, n = 13; deceased, n = 11). IgG (HCW, n = 21; non-hospitalized, n = 6; moderate, n = 74; severe, n = 13; deceased, n = 31). Negative controls: HCWs. N-hospitalized, non-hospitalized. Each dot represents a single individual at their maximum antibody titer over the disease course. Significance: one-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons using Tukey’s method. Boxes represent the distribution of variables with quartiles and outliers. Horizontal bars: mean values. c, Correlation and linear regression of maximum levels for each patient of virus-specific IgG and length of hospitalization over time. Left, all patients. Right, patients grouped by disease severity. Regression lines are shown as dark purple (moderate) or pink (severe). d,e, Correlation of virus-specific IgG and (d) length of intubation or (e) patients’ maximum levels of ferritin, D-dimer and CRP. Pearson’s correlation coefficients and linear regression significance are colored accordingly; shading represents 95% CI. f, Heat map correlation analysis between virus-specific IgG levels and major immune cell populations in PBMCs. Color intensity indicates the relative cell frequency. Significance: one-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons using Dunnett’s method. **P < .01, *P < .05. g.i, Scheme. g.ii, Scatter plot of patients with COVID-19 with S1 IgG+ samples at their first collection time point. Dashed vertical line: threshold of S1 IgG positivity. Solid horizontal line: limit of detection. g.iii, Comparison of mean log viral loads between IgG-low and IgG-high groups using two-sample t-test (two-sided). Bars represent average ± s.d. g.iv, Days from symptom onset for each group. Bars represent average ± s.d. g.v, Violin plots of clinical scores for each cluster. Solid black lines, mean; dashed lines, median. Significance: Kruskal–Wallis corrected for multiple comparisons using Dunn’s method. CI, confidence interval; OD, optical density; NK, natural killer; Np, nasopharyngeal; NS, not significant.
