Extended Data Fig. 5: Impact of model abstractions to determine the optimal position of the paddle lead.

Step 1, Generalized computational model of the interaction between EES and the spinal cord, including the location of motor neurons from key leg muscles. Step 2, Personalized computational model of the interaction between EES and the spinal cord for the three participants. The models are aligned with the generalized model depicted in Step 1. Step 3, Simulations predict the optimal position of the new paddle lead for each participant, following the procedures explained in Extended Data Fig. 4, but based on various model abstractions, as explained in the boxes above each prediction. Step 4, The optimal position of the new paddle lead was validated intraoperatively, as explained in Extended Data Fig. 4, and is shown on a CT scan reconstruction. The horizontal yellow line passing through the top electrodes of the paddle lead highlights the optimal position, thus allowing a direct comparison between the various predictions and the optimal position. The fully personalized models achieved the best performance.