Extended Data Fig. 8: Immediate recovery of independent stepping with EES.

Step1, Kinematic and muscle activity underlying stepping on a treadmill without and with EES on the very first day of stimulation for the 3 participants. Bar plots report quantification of the muscle activity, and the range of motion for the hip, knee and ankle in both conditions (n = 10 steps for each condition, two-tailed Mann–Whitney test, *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ****, p < 0.0001). Muscular activities are quantified as Mean Absolute Value over their expected phase of activity. Step 2, Number of independent steps performed during the very first day of stimulation. Step 3, Chronophotographies showing normal and voluntarily exaggerated steps while stimulation parameters remain otherwise unchanged. Bar plots report the mean step length quantified during normal and exaggerated steps (n = 12 normal and 8 exaggerated steps for P1, n = 15 normal and n = 10 exaggerated steps for P2; two-tailed t-test, P1: p = 0.0073, P3: p < 0.0001; **, p < 0.01; ****, p < 0.0001).