Fig. 1: Overview of the study design.
From: Microbiome and metabolome features of the cardiometabolic disease spectrum
Top: the 1,241 individuals studied here are a subset of individuals from the European MetaCardis cohort, in which participants underwent deep bioclinical phenotyping combined with gut microbiome and serum and urine metabolome profiling. Participants were classified as being HCs (n = 275, healthy by self-report and no intake of lipid-lowering, anti-diabetic or anti-hypertensive drugs) and a combined group of patients diagnosed with IHD (n = 372, on various drugs). The IHD group included cases with ACS (n = 112), CIHD (n = 158) and HF (n = 102) due to CIHD. Two additional control groups were included: MMCs without diagnosed IHD (n = 372, matched on age, BMI and T2D status of the individuals with IHD, some of whom were prescribed lipid-lowering, anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive medication but no IHD-related drugs) and untreated (non-medicated) metabolically matched non-IHD controls (UMMCs, n = 222, no intake of lipid-lowering, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive or IHD drugs). Bottom: microbiome and metabolome features were segregated into four categories, as indicated. The human icons were adapted from https://smart.servier.com/.
