Fig. 2: Alterations of gut microbiome and metabolome features along the natural history of IHD.
From: Microbiome and metabolome features of the cardiometabolic disease spectrum
a, Violin plots representing the distribution of significant gut microbiome and metabolome features among various group comparisons before and after data being subjected to the drug deconfounding pipeline (lower line, lower quartile; medium line, median; upper line, upper quartile). Numbers below each subplot represent total features in the respective group comparison (shown as x axis) that retained significance (FDR ≤ 0.1) plotted against the Cliff’s delta (y axis) for each set of features before (uncorrected) or after drug deconfounding (corrected). b, Box plots showing classifier performance comparison using HCs or MMCs as controls relative to individuals with IHD, based either on all microbial features (left) or on quantified metabolome features (right) as input (center line, median; box limits, upper and lower quartiles; whiskers, 1.5× interquartile range; points, outliers). Two-sided MWU P values are included for each comparison. c, Pie chart (right) comparing the percent (shown as numbers) distribution of four enterotypes among various study groups. Table (left) shows the chi-squared P value for each study group relative to the three control groups—that is, HC, MMC and UMMC. d, Box plots (upper) comparing gut bacterial gene richness among the indicated study groups (violin, distribution; center line, median; box limits, upper and lower quartiles; whiskers, 1.5× interquartile range; points, outliers). Table (below) shows the two-sided MWU P values for each study group relative to the three control groups—that is, HC, MMC and UMMC. Two-sided MWU and chi-squared tests were used for assessing the significance of group-wise comparisons in a, b, d and c, respectively, using HC (n = 275), MMC (n = 372), UMMC (n = 222), IHD (n = 372), ACS (n = 112), CIHD (n = 158) and HF (n = 102) groups. Multiple testing corrections were done using the Benjamini–Hochberg method, and FDR ≤ 0.1 was considered significant. NS, not significant.
