Table 1 Demographic, clinical and laboratory features

From: Immunopathological signatures in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and pediatric COVID-19

 

pCOVID-19 (n = 110)

MIS-C (n = 76)

pHC (n = 76)a

P valueb

A. General description

Sex (F/M)

41/69

35/41

31/29

0.168

Age, years (median (IQR))

5 (1–12)

8 (3–11)

8 (4–11)

0.033c

Ethnicity

    

Caucasian

95/110 (86%)

36/76 (47%)

58/60 (96%)

<0.001

Hispanic/Latino

7/110 (6%)

35/76 (46%)

1/60 (2%)

<0.001

Black/African American

5/110 (5%)

5/76 (7%)

0

0.165

Asian

3/110 (3%)

0

1/60 (2%)

0.366

Comorbidities

46/110 (42%)

18/76 (24%)

19/60 (32%)d

0.034

Immunosuppressive therapy

2/110 (2%)

0

0

0.352

B. Clinical and laboratory data in patients with pCOVID-19 and patients with MIS-C

 

pCOVID-19 (n = 110)

MIS-C (n = 76)

P value

Presenting signs and symptoms

 Fever

77/110 (70%)

76/76 (100%)

<0.001

 Upper respiratory (rhinorrhea, cough, sore throat/pharyngitis)

51/110 (46%)

12/76 (16%)

<0.001

 Pneumonia

17/110 (15%)

15/76 (20%)

0.425

 Dyspnea

10/110 (9%)

27/76 (36%)

<0.001

 Gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain)

32/110 (29%)

65/76 (86%)

<0.001

 Neurological (headache, irritability, drowsiness/somnolence, seizures)

22/110 (20%)

30/76 (39%)

0.115

 Rash

7/110 (6%)

47/76 (62%)

<0.001

 Cardiovascular

0

53/76 (70%)

<0.001

 Coronary artery involvement

0

4/53 (8%)

NA

 Cardiomyopathy/heart failure only

0

42/53 (79%)

NA

 Coronary artery involvement and cardiomyopathy/heart failure

0

7/53 (13%)

NA

 Shock

4/110 (4%)

36/76 (47%)

<0.001

 SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivee

99/110 (90%)

16/76 (21%)

<0.001

 SARS-CoV-2 serology positive

11/110 (10%)

76/76 (100%)

<0.001

Laboratory anomalies

 ANC < 1.0 × 109 cells per L

14/84 (17%)

0

<0.001

 ALC < 1.5 × 109 cells per L

11/84 (13%)

46/71 (65%)

<0.001

 PLT < 150 × 109 cells per L

5/69 (7%)

31/71 (44%)

<0.001

 CRP > 100 mg L−1

2/76 (3%)

45/70 (64%)

<0.001

 Median CRP (IQR), mg L−1

0.9 (0.3–7.4)

152 (54–264)

<0.001

 D-dimer >500 μg L−1

34/59 (58%)

62/69 (90%)

<0.001

 Ferritin >500 μg L−1

3/28 (11%)

27/53 (51%)

<0.001

 ALT >40 U L−1

11/75 (15%)

34/69 (49%)

<0.001

C. Disease course in patients with pCOVID-19 and patients with MIS-C

 Asymptomatic

3/110 (3%)

0

NA

 Mild

85/110 (77%)

0

NA

 Moderate

17/110 (15%)

52/76 (68%)

NA

 Severe

5/110 (5%)

24/76 (32%)

NA

D. Therapy in patients with pCOVID-19 and patients with MIS-C

 Glucocorticoids

9/110 (10%)

69/76 (91%)f

<0.001

 IVIG

0

46/76 (61%)

<0.001

 Biologics (in addition to glucocorticoids and/or IVIG)

0

12/76 (16%)

<0.001

 Anakinra

0

7/12 (58%)

NA

 Tocilizumab

0

3/12 (25%)

NA

 Infliximab

0

2/12 (17%)

NA

 Inotropes

0

21/76 (28%)

<0.001

 Respiratory support

6/110 (5%)

28/76 (37%)

<0.001

 Non-invasive

4/6 (67%)

16/28 (57%)

0.185

 Mechanical ventilation

2/6 (33%)

12/28 (43%)

0.185

  1. aData in the table are reported for 60 pHCs for whom detailed demographic, clinical and laboratory data were available.
  2. bChi-square test except for age (Kruskal–Wallis test) and median CRP comparison (two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-test)
  3. cKruskal–Wallis test; pairwise comparison was significant only between pCOVID-19 and pHC.
  4. dControls had allergy as the only comorbidity.
  5. ePatients with pCOVID-19 negative for PCR had either positive immunoglobulin M or positive immunoglobulin G for SARS-CoV-2. For MIS-C, patients had positive PCR within 1 week of admission.
  6. fForty-two of these patients received both glucocorticoids and IVIG.
  7. ALC, absolute lymphocyte count; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; CRP, C-reactive protein; F, female; M, male; NA, not applicable; PLT, absolute platelet count.
Back to article page