Fig. 5: Risk of suicide and other causes of death following self-harm in patients with cancer.

Case (self-harm) and control (no self-harm) groups were obtained via propensity score matching (Extended Data Fig. 2). Controls were matched by age at cancer diagnosis, cancer type, sex, IMD and primary care practice ID. a, HRs for risk of suicide and other causes of death were further adjusted for noncancer comorbidities, cancer treatment and presence of psychiatric disorders. Mortality risks during the first 12 months and subsequent years of follow-up are shown. We identified 5,683 individuals with incident self-harm and 18,407 matched controls. Data are presented as HRs, and error bars represent 95% CIs. The likelihood ratio test was used. Numbers in the graphs represent P values. b, Cumulative incidence curves of death due to all causes, natural causes and unnatural causes after self-harm in matched case and control groups. Gray’s test was used. *The results for natural deaths are adjusted for competing risk of unnatural deaths. The results for unnatural deaths are adjusted for competing risk of natural deaths.