Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population by likelihood of adjudicated myocarditis post-COVID-19

From: A multisystem, cardio-renal investigation of post-COVID-19 illness

 

COVID-19

Controls

 

Myocarditis

 

P value

Not present

Unlikely

Probable

Very likely

P valuea

n = 159

n = 29

 

n = 17 (11%)

n = 56 (35%)

n = 65 (41%)

n = 21 (13%)

 

Demographic

Age ± s.d., years

54.5 ± 11.9

57.3 ± 9.6

0.373

56.9 ± 11.4

55.1 ± 13.3

53.1 ± 11.4

54.9 ± 10.1

0.525

Male sex, n (%)

90 (56.6)

18 (62.1)

0.685

13 (76.5)

35 (62.5)

33 (50.8)

9 (42.9)

0.115

Female sex, n (%)

69 (43.4)

11 (37.9)

 

4 (23.5)

21 (37.5)

32 (49.2)

12 (57.1)

 

Most deprived SIMD quintile (Q1), n (%)

61 (40.4)

5 (17.9)

0.032

4 (25.0)

20 (37.0)

25 (41.0)

12 (60.0)

0.178

Healthcare worker, n (%)

36 (22.6)

5 (17.9)

0.804

1 (5.9)

10 (17.9)

18 (27.7)

7 (33.3)

0.121

Ethnicity, n (%)

White

139 (87.4%)

26 (89.7%)

0.694

16 (94.1%)

51 (91.1%)

54 (83.1%)

18 (85.7%)

0.848

Asian

14 (8.8%)

3 (10.3%)

 

1 (5.9%)

3 (5.4%)

8 (12.3%)

2 (9.5%)

 

Other

6 (3.8%)

0 (0.0%)

 

0 (0.0%)

2 (3.6%)

3 (4.6%)

1 (4.8%)

 

Presenting characteristics, mean (s.d.)

Body mass index, kg m−2

30.5 (7.1)

30.7 (5.0)

0.554

30.9 (5.6)

29.6 (5.8)

31.1 (8.7)

30.6 (6.4)

0.829

Heart rate, bpm

95 (19)

69 (15)

<0.001

98 (19)

94 (20)

95 (16)

94 (25)

0.586

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

129 (20)

142 (19)

0.003

122 (24)

135 (18)

126 (20)

124 (17)

0.139

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

77 (13)

82 (16)

0.058

74 (13)

79 (12)

77 (13)

74 (12)

0.458

Peripheral oxygen saturation, %

93 (7)

97 (2)

<0.001

91 (10)

94 (5)

94 (6)

94 (9)

0.758

Respiratory rate, minutes

24 (12)

14 (4)

<0.001

23 (5)

23 (11)

25 (16)

21 (6)

0.312

WHO clinical severity score, n (%)

No evidence of infection

0 (0.0)

29 (100.0)

<0.001

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0.101

Hospitalized, no oxygen therapy

50 (31.4)

0 (0.0)

3 (17.6)

17 (30.4)

24 (36.9)

6 (28.6)

Oxygen therapy by mask or nasal prongs

74 (46.5)

0 (0.0)

8 (47.1)

30 (53.6)

28 (43.1)

8 (38.1)

Non-invasive ventilation

20 (12.6)

0 (0.0)

4 (23.5)

7 (12.5)

8 (12.3)

1 (4.8)

Mechanical ventilation

5 (3.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (4.6)

2 (9.5)

Ventilation with organ support

10 (6.3)

0 (0.0)

2 (11.8)

2 (3.6)

2 (3.1)

4 (19.0)

COVID-19 diagnosis, n (%)

PCR test

159 (100)

0 (0.0)

<0.001

17 (100.0)

56 (100.0)

65 (100)

21 (100)

1.000

Nosocomial

7 (4.4)

0 (0.0)

0.598

0 (0.0)

4 (7.1)

3 (4.6)

0 (0.0)

0.666

Antibody testδ

0 (0.0)

29 (100)

<0.001

     

Radiology, chest radiograph or CT scan, n (%)

Typical features of COVID-19

109 (74.7)

–

 

12 (75.0)

40 (78.4)

41 (68.3)

16 (84.2)

0.024

Atypical features of COVID-19

11 (7.5)

–

 

2 (12.5)

3 (5.9)

4 (6.7)

2 (10.5)

Unlikely

4 (2.7)

–

 

2 (12.5)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.7)

1 (5.3)

Normal

22 (15.1)

–

 

0 (0.0)

8 (15.7)

14 (23.3)

0 (0.0)

Acute COVID-19 therapy, n (%)

Oxygen

109 (68.6)

–

 

14 (82.4)

39 (69.6)

41 (63.1)

15 (71.4)

0.509

Steroid

89 (56.0)

–

 

12 (70.6)

31 (55.4)

36 (55.4)

10 (47.6)

0.557

Antiviral

42 (26.4)

–

 

9 (52.9)

15 (26.8)

14 (21.5)

4 (19.0)

0.075

Non-invasive respiratory support

31 (19.5)

–

 

5 (29)

9 (16.1)

11 (16.9)

6 (28.6)

0.386

Intensive care

24 (15.1)

–

 

5 (29.4)

5 (8.9)

8 (12.3)

6 (28.6)

0.048

Invasive ventilation

14 (8.8)

–

 

2 (11.8)

1 (1.8)

5 (7.7)

6 (28.6)

0.004

Intravenous inotrope

7 (4.4)

–

 

1 (5.9)

2 (3.6)

1 (1.5)

3 (14.3%)

0.092

Cardiovascular history, n (%)

Cardiovascular disease and/or treatment

74 (46.5)

14 (48.3)

1.000

8 (47.1)

29 (51.8)

26 (40.0)

11 (52.4)

0.560

Risk scores, mean (s.d.)

ISARIC4C in-hospital mortality risk, %

12.1 (10.6)

6.9 (8.4)

0.003

14.0 (10.7)

13.2 (11.4)

10.4 (9.4)

12.8 (11.7)

0.426

Q-Risk 3, 10-year cardiovascular risk, %

13.5 (11.1)

13.1 (10.0)

0.984

12.5 (7.9)

15.5 (12.8)

12.0 (9.7)

14.3 (13.1)

0.724

Charlson Comorbidity Index

1.9 (1.8)

1.5 (1.2)

0.412

1.7 (1.9)

2.1 (2.0)

1.9 (1.8)

1.6 (1.2)

0.793

Laboratory results, index admission

Initial hemoglobin, mean (s.d.), g/L

141 (16)

143 (12)

0.655

142 (15)

140 (17)

140 (15)

143 (16)

0.624

Initial platelet count, mean (s.d.), ×109/L

237 (94)

259 (58)

0.006

264 (137)

217 (75)

244 (93)

248 (95)

0.344

Initial lymphocyte count, mean (s.d.), ×109/L

1.5 (4.7)

1.9 (0.6)

<0.001

1.0 (0.5)

1.1 (0.5)

2.1 (7.3)

1.4 (0.6)

0.215

Peak D-dimer, mean (s.d.), ng/ml

1,740 (5,439)

311 (303)

0.026

2,022 (4,159)

916 (2,132)

1,754 (6,648)

3,127 (7,431)

0.881

Minimum eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2

82 (27)

78 (29)

0.799

80 (27)

85 (23)

84 (26)

69 (37)

0.454

AKI, n (%)

20 (14)

0 (0.0)

1.000

3 (19)

2 (4)

9(16)

6 (33)

0.008

Peak high-sensitivity troponin I, median (IQR), ng/L

4.0 (3.0, 13.0)

4.0 (4.0, 4.0)

0.358

6.0 (4.0, 10.0)

4.0 (3.0, 10.0)

4.0 (3.0, 9.0)

30.0 (3.5, 83.8)

0.158

Peak ferritin, mean (s.d.), mg/L

360 (182, 864)

118 (69, 166)

<0.001

454 (184, 835)

359 (212, 1,082)

332 (159, 692)

562 (198, 1,860)

0.441

Peak CRP, median (IQR), mg/L

104 (37, 181)

2 (1, 5)

<0.001

130 (77, 180)

107 (45, 164)

91 (35, 181)

121 (17, 350)

0.584

HbA1c, mean mmol/mol Hb, %

48 (18)

44 (22)

0.020

57 (32)

50 (18)

45 (14)

45 (19)

0.100

Initial albumin, mean, g/L

34 (5)

40 (5)

<0.001

32 (5)

35 (4)

34 (6)

35 (5)

0.273

Timelines

Hospitalized, n (%)

143 (90)

3 (10)

<0.001

16 (94)

53 (95)

54 (83)

20 (95)

0.162

Duration of admission, median (IQR), days

5 (3, 11)

–

–

5 (4, 12)

5 (2, 10)

6 (3, 10)

4 (2, 29)

0.822

Symptom onset to primary outcome, median (IQR), days

65 (20)

–

–

66 (13)

62 (15)

65 (18)

73 (38)

0.850

  1. An expanded version is provided in the Supplementary Table 1.
  2. Ethnicity: Indian (0), Pakistani (0), Bangladeshi (0), Other Asian n = 14 (8.8%), Black Caribbean (0), Black African n = 2 (1.2%), Chinese n = 1 (0.6%), Other n = 1 (0.9%), White, n = 139 (87.4%). Missing data in the COVID-19 group COVID-19: D-dimer, n = 62; HbA1c, n = 23; ferritin, n = 18; troponin I, n = 21. Missing data in control patients: D-dimer, n = 15; HbA1c, n = 5; ferritin, n = 5; troponin I, n = 4. CCS, Canadian Cardiovascular Society; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology equation39; TIA, transient ischemic attack. In the control group, the Abbott Architect CMIA SARS-CoV-2 IgG assayδ was used to confirm absence of prior infection with COVID-19. The primary outcome evaluation (visit 2) was scheduled 28–60 days post-discharge.
  3. aCategorical data are summarized as frequency and percentage and compared between groups using Fisher’s exact tests. Continuous data are summarized as mean and standard deviation or median and IQR (defined as the upper and lower quartiles) and compared between groups using Kruskal–Wallis tests. All P values are two-sided. No adjustments were made for multiple comparisons.
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