Extended Data Fig. 1: Study sample derivation for the Swedish cohort study.

a, Children born before 1987 were excluded from the study population. b, Individuals were excluded stepwise with the criteria aligned to a previous study (reference ⁷⁸). c, Individuals without information from the MBR were excluded. d, Children with diagnoses of autism or IDs and genetic or metabolic conditions documented in the MBR that were known to cause neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), as the NDDs may be attributable to the condition. e, Those whose biological fathers were unknown were excluded. f, Those whose biological mothers or fathers lacked data on place of birth, age at delivery, education level, psychiatric history, or family income quintile were excluded.