Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort, including controls and all participants with COVID-19, with and without cardiac symptoms
From: Long-term cardiac pathology in individuals with mild initial COVID-19 illness
Characteristic | Controls, n = 95 | COVID-19, n = 346 | P value | Asym, n = 94 | Sym, n = 252 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days from diagnosis | 109 (77–177) | NA | 104 (78, 150) | 114 (77, 183) | 1.00 | |
Age (years) | 40.4 ± 13.9 | 43.3 ± 12.1 | 0.04 | 43.2 ± 12.6 | 43.4 ± 11.9 | 0.89 |
Gender (male), n (%) | 50 (53%) | 165 (48%) | 0.39 | 52 (55%) | 113 (45%) | 0.08 |
BMI (kg m−2) | 24.9 ± 4.5 | 25.1 ± 4.3 | 0.69 | 25.0 ± 3.6 | 25.1 ± 4.6 | 0.89 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 17 (18%) | 50 (14%) | 0.41 | 16 (17%) | 34 (13%) | 0.41 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 3 (3.2%) | 12 (3.5%) | 1.00 | 4 (4.3%) | 8 (3.2%) | 0.74 |
Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 19 (20%) | 43 (12%) | 0.06 | 16 (17%) | 27 (11%) | 0.11 |
Smoking, n (%) | 12 (13%) | 25 (7.2%) | 0.09 | 6 (6.4%) | 19 (7.5%) | 0.71 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 67 ± 9 | 70 ± 11 | 0.04 | 68 ± 10 | 71 ± 11 | 0.017 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 127 ± 14 | 132 ± 17 | 0.04 | 133 ± 17 | 131 ± 16 | 0.27 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79 ± 10 | 83 ± 11 | 0.001 | 82 ± 11 | 84 ± 11 | 0.20 |
CRP (mg dl−1) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.86 | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.48 |
hs-TropT (pg ml−1) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.0) | 4.1 (3.0, 5.8) | 0.07 | 3.9 (3.0, 5.9) | 4.1 (3.0, 5.7) | 0.93 |
hs-TropT (by category) | 0.07 | 0.21 | ||||
Not detectable, n (%) | 40 (43%) | 105 (31%) | 30 (33%) | 75 (31%) | ||
Detectable, n (%) | 53 (57%) | 227 (67%) | 59 (64%) | 168 (69%) | ||
Abnormal, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (1.5%) | 3 (3.3%) | 2 (0.8%) | ||
NT-proBNP (pg ml−1) | 37.1 (20.5, 66.3) | 43.5 (23.6, 78.6) | 0.28 | 44.6 (23.9, 81.9) | 43.2 (23.6, 77.6) | 0.79 |
LVEF (%) | 58.5 ± 4.0 | 56.6 ± 4.6 | <0.001 | 56.1 ± 5.0 | 56.7 ± 4.4 | 0.24 |
LVEF (by category) | 0.35 | 0.35 | ||||
Normal, n (%) | 95 (100%) | 339 (98%) | 90 (97%) | 249 (99%) | ||
Reduced, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (1.7%) | 3 (3.2%) | 3 (1.2%) | ||
GLS (%) | −21.2 ± 3.2 | −19.4 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | −20.0 ± 3.3 | −19.2 ± 3.0 | 0.13 |
LV-EDVi (ml m−2) | 86.4 ± 13.6 | 86.3 ± 13.8 | 0.96 | 89.2 ± 14.9 | 85.2 ± 13.3 | 0.017 |
LV-EDVi (by category) | 1.00 | 0.50 | ||||
Normal, n (%) | 92 (97%) | 335 (97%) | 90 (96%) | 245 (97%) | ||
Dilated, n (%) | 3 (3.2%) | 11 (3.2%) | 4 (4.3%) | 7 (2.8%) | ||
LV mass (ml m−2) | 49.7 ± 9.5 | 47.0 ± 9.2 | 0.01 | 48.4 ± 10.4 | 46.4 ± 8.6 | 0.068 |
RVEF (%) | 56.0 ± 5.8 | 54.0 ± 5.6 | 0.002 | 53.1 ± 5.9 | 54.4 ± 5.4 | 0.061 |
RVEF (by category) | 0.59 | 0.13 | ||||
Normal, n (%) | 95 (100%) | 341 (99%) | 91 (97%) | 250 (99%) | ||
Reduced, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (1.4%) | 3 (3.2%) | 2 (0.8%) | ||
Native T1 (ms) | 1,103 ± 37 | 1,129 ± 34 | <0.001 | 1,116 ± 35 | 1,134 ± 33 | <0.001 |
Native T2 (ms) | 36.1 ± 1.7 | 38.3 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | 37.8 ± 1.3 | 38.5 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
LGE (any) | 7 (7.4%) | 135 (39%) | <0.001 | 34 (36%) | 101 (40%) | 0.51 |
LGE (by type) | <0.001 | 0.35 | ||||
None, n (%) | 87 (92%) | 208 (60%) | 58 (62%) | 150 (60%) | ||
Ischemic, n (%) | 1 (1.1%) | 3 (0.9%) | 2 (2.1%) | 1 (0.4%) | ||
Non-ischemic, n (%) | 7 (7.4%) | 132 (38%) | 33 (35%) | 99 (39%) | ||
Both, ischemic and non-ischemic, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (0.9%) | 1 (1.1%) | 2 (0.8%) | ||
Pericardial effusion (any detectable), n (%) | 32 (34%) | 251 (73%) | <0.001 | 64 (68%) | 187 (74%) | 0.26 |
Pericardial effusion (by size), n (%) | <0.001 | 0.18 | ||||
No | 63 (66%) | 95 (27%) | 30 (32%) | 65 (26%) | ||
<1 cm | 32 (34%) | 238 (69%) | 63 (67%) | 175 (69%) | ||
≥1 cm | 0 (0%) | 13 (3.8%) | 1 (1.1%) | 12 (4.8%) | ||
Pericardial enhancement, n (%) | 15 (16%) | 161 (47%) | <0.001 | 33 (35%) | 128 (51%) | 0.009 |
