Extended Data Fig. 1: Trial schema.

Patients with resectable, cytologically/histopathologically confirmed, clinical stage IB (≥4 cm)-IIIA (N2 single station) NSCLC were treated with neoadjuvant Nivo+CT for up to three cycles (arm C; D1, D22 and D43) or Ipi+Nivo+CT for up to three cycles (arm D; D1, D22 and D43; Ipi given on cycle 1 [D1] only), followed by surgical resection (within 3 to 6 weeks after the last cycle of therapy). *Standard of care adjuvant systemic therapy and/or postoperative radiation therapy were allowed at the discretion of the treating physicians. The primary endpoint of the trial was MPR, defined as ≤10% viable tumor in resected tumor specimens, in treated patients. Tumor samples were collected, when possible, pretherapy and at surgery, adjacent uninvolved (normal) lung tissues were also collected, where possible, at surgery. Stool samples were collected, where possible, pretherapy and post-therapy (prior to surgery). Longitudinal blood samples were collected, where possible, pretherapy, prior to cycle 2 and 3, post-therapy (prior to surgery) and within 8 weeks after surgery (post-surgery). NSCLC, non–small cell lung cancer; Nivo, nivolumab; Ipi, ipilimumab; CT, chemotherapy; D, day of therapy; CT, computer tomography scan; PET-CT, positron emission tomography-computer tomography scan, SOC, standard of care. BioRender (https://biorender.com) was used to generate portions of this Figure.