Extended Data Fig. 5: Volcano plots showing the association of microbiome features with exposure factors and health outcomes.

The microbiome features showing the associations with exposure factors and health outcomes at nominal significance (P < 0.05) are colored by their feature types (amplicon-derived bacterial genera, fungal genera, KOs, ARGs and VFs). P-values were obtained by associating each microbiome feature with the exposure factor or health outcome in general linear model, with district, age, sex, BMI, and medication use adjusted as confounders.