Extended Data Fig. 9: Exposure-associated microbial interactome.

a) The interaction networks of bacterial (amplicon data-derived) and fungal genera among healthy individuals without any exposure or airway symptoms, and individuals experiencing each exposure factor, and individuals with documented airway symptoms. Each node represents a bacterial (hollow circle) or fungal genus (solid circle) colored by its associated network module. Each edge represents a significant correlation between pairs of taxa (absolute Spearman’s rho>0.4, P < 0.05). b) The network dissimilarity index D from the network of healthy individuals (without exposure or airway symptoms), for the network of Pre-COPD individuals (gray), and the networks of participants experiencing individual exposure factors (green) and participants with airway symptoms (purple). Also shown are the module sizes, number of edges, number of nodes, and strength of correlation (absolute correlation coefficient, mean ± SD) for the network of healthy individuals (number of correlations: nbac-bac=4,753, nbac-fun=28,518, nfun-fun=42,915) and the networks associated with individual exposure factors (number of correlations: biofuel: nbac-bac=4,753, nbac-fun=28,322, nfun-fun=41,616; occupational pollution: nbac-bac=4,753, nbac-fun=28,224, nfun-fun=41,327; smoking: nbac-bac=4,753, nbac-fun=28,126, nfun-fun=41,041; second hand smoking: nbac-bac=4,753, nbac-fun=28,126, nfun-fun=41,041) and respiratory symptoms (nbac-bac=4,753, nbac-fun=27,734, nfun-fun=39,903).