Extended Data Fig. 6: Derivation and characterization of CDH organoids.

(a) Comparison of organoid formation efficiency between non-CDH and CDH fluids at P0 (n=26 non-CDH AFs; n=16 CDH AFs; n=7 CDH TFs; median and quartiles). (b) Organoid formation efficiencies at various gestational age for CDH AF and TF. (c) PCA showing CDH organoids alongside all the AFO clusters. (d) Representative CDH organoid lines stained for SOX9 (scale bars: 50 μm). (e) Derivation of CDH AFO and TFO from different patients before (left) and after (right) FETO surgery (scale bar: 200 μm). (f) Heatmap showing comparison of lung surfactant genes expression between CDH organoids before and after FETO. (g) GO analysis of CDH LAFO and LTFO before and after FETO, when compared to GA-matched control LAFOs; red arrows highlight surfactant and matrix remodeling pathways. (h) Phase-contrast image of Proximal CDH LAFOs showing cilia and mucus/debris within the lumen. Immunofluorescence image showing Proximal CDH LAFOs expressing SOX2 (scale bars: 50 μm). (i) Ciliary beating frequency analysis of CDH organoids (n=49 organoids from 5 lines of 3 independent patients) vs CT LAFOs (n=40 organoids from 4 lines of 4 independent patients; **P=0.0014 unpaired t-test).