Extended Data Fig. 1: AF single-cell RNA Sequencing.

(a) Schematic and phase-contrast image of fresh AF sample at collection (left). FACS plot showing heterogeneity of AF cells by forward and side scatter after sorting (right). (b) scRNA-seq UMAP analysis of n=12 AF samples; middle UMAP shows cell distribution across second and third trimester; right panel shows cells labeled by post-conception weeks (PCW). (c) UMAPs depicting expression of epithelial keratins within the AF epithelial cell cluster. (d) Upregulated GO pathways in the epithelial-labeled cluster of the scRNA-seq AF from DEGs calculated when compared to all other clusters (one-sided Fisher test, adjusted using Benjamini-Hochberg for multiple hypotheses). (e) Schematic showing the comparison between the gestational age weeks covered by reference fetal scRNA-seq atlases, highlighting the lack of late-stage development data.