Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients at time of admission for assessment

From: Multimodal assessment improves neuroprognosis performance in clinically unresponsive critical-care patients with brain injury

 

All ICU patients, n = 349

GOS-E < 4; n = 231

GOS-E ≥ 4; n = 46

*P

Age in years, median (IQR)

53.2 (35.7–63)

54.6 (39.6–64.7)

38.4 (22.3–56.3)

0.0002

Sex (male), n (%)

222 (63.6)

151 (65.4)

29 (63)

0.87

Previous medical history (5 missing data)

None, n (%)

97 (28.2)

57 (24.9)

19 (42.2)

0.028

Cardiovascular diseases, n (%)

172 (50)

122 (52.8)

15 (32.6)

0.022

 Arterial hypertension, n (%)

113 (32.9)

84 (36.4)

9 (19.6)

0.038

 Diabetes, n (%)

71 (20.6)

57 (24.7)

3 (6.5)

0.0054

 Heart disease, n (%)

62 (18)

43 (18.6)

3 (6.5)

0.050

Psychiatric disorders, n (%)

80 (23.3)

63 (27.3)

8 (17.4)

0.20

 Substance-use disorder, n (%)

47 (13.7)

38 (16.5)

3 (6.5)

0.11

 Depressive disorder, n (%)

39 (11.3)

31 (13.4)

4 (8.7)

0.47

Neurological disease, n (%)

41 (11.9)

34 (14.7)

1 (2.2)

0.015

 Stroke, n (%)

14 (4.1)

13 (5.6)

0

0.14

 Epilepsy, n (%)

14 (4.1)

10 (4.3)

1 (2.2)

1.0

 Cognitive dysfunction, n (%)

14 (4.1)

11 (4.8)

0

0.22

Cancer, n (%)

24 (7)

16 (6.9)

0

0.083

Etiology of DoC

Anoxia, n (%)

127 (36.4)

99 (42.9)

12 (26.1)

0.047

Traumatic brain injury, n (%)

66 (18.9)

26 (11.3)

17 (37)

6.3 × 10–5

Stroke, n (%)

49 (14)

31 (13.4)

3 (6.5)

0.23

 Ischemic stroke, n (%)

17 (4.9)

10 (4.3)

1 (2.2)

0.70

 Intracerebral hemorrhage, n (%)

22 (6.3)

15 (6.5)

2 (4.3)

0.75

 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, n (%)

10 (2.9)

6 (2.6)

0

0.59

Hypoglycemia, n (%)

15 (4.3)

13 (5.6)

0

0.14

Others, n (%)

66 (18.9)

39 (16.9)

11 (23.9)

0.29

 CNS inflammatory disease, n (%)

25 (7.2)

13 (5.6)

6 (13)

0.10

 CNS infectious disease, n (%)

6 (1.7)

3 (1.3)

1 (2.2)

0.52

 Status epilepticus, n (%)

9 (2.6)

6 (2.6)

1 (2.2)

1.0

 CNS metabolic or toxic disease, n (%)

6 (1.7)

5 (2.2)

0

0.59

 Encephalopathy, n (%)

17 (4.9)

11 (4.8)

3 (6.5)

0.71

 PNS disorders, n (%)

3 (0.9)

1 (0.4)

0

1.0

Mixed, n (%)

32 (9.2)

23 (10)

3 (6.5)

0.59

Brain injury–MMA delay in days, median (IQR)

33 (23–53)

29 (21–43)

35 (24–59)

0.094

Clinical state

CRS-r, median score (IQR)

7 (5–11)

6 (4–9)

11 (8–15)

7.5 × 10–9

Coma, n (%)

11 (3.2)

10 (4.3)

0

0.38

VS/UWS, n (%)

146 (42)

122 (52.8)

5 (10.9)

7.0 × 10–8

MCS minus, n (%)

82 (23.6)

51 (22.1)

14 (30.4)

0.25

MCS plus, n (%)

79 (22.6)

38 (16.5)

17 (37)

0.0037

EMCS, n (%)

31 (8.9)

10 (4.3)

10 (21.7)

0.0032

Mechanical ventilation, n (%) (12 missing data)

252 (74.8)

174 (75.3)

27 (58.7)

0.084

Tracheostomy, n (%) (14 missing data)

136 (40.6)

84 (36.4)

23 (50)

0.091

Gastrostomy, n (%) (31 missing data)

45 (14.2)

30 (13)

8 (17.4)

0.33

  1. CNS, central nervous system; PNS, peripheral nervous system. MCS patients with language related behavior (i.e. command following, intelligible verbalizations or non-functional communication) were categorised ‘MCS plus’, and otherwise ‘MCS minus’. *Two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test or Fisher’s exact test were used, with no adjustment for multiple comparisons. Significant differences between the two groups of patients (GOS-E of 1–3 versus 4–8) are indicated by bold P values (P < 0.05). Reported sex is sex assigned at birth.
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