Fig. 4: Association of pPSs with anti-diabetic medication initiation and response.

a, Association of pPSs with change in HbA1c in response to medication initiation, presented as beta per s.d. (± 95% CIs and two-sided P values from t statistic), estimated from multivariable regression models adjusted for sex and ancestry. The change presented is mean percent change in HbA1c from pre-treatment to on-treatment; HbA1c units are mmol mol⁻¹. After adjustment for multiple testing, the only association that was statistically significant was that of Beta Cell 2 pPS with SGLT2i response (further details are presented in Supplementary Table 6). Sulfonylurea, insulin secretagogues, including sulfonylureas and meglitinides (n = 2,196); Metformin, metformin (n = 5,246); SGLT2i, sodium/glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (n = 2,550); Thiazolidinedione, pioglitazone/thiazolidinediones (n = 749). b, Insulin-free survival from time of T2D diagnosis in 9,756 individuals for whom prescribing data were available (number of cases = 1,756), presented as HRs (± 95% CIs) estimated from Cox proportional hazard survival models adjusted for sex and genetically determined ancestry; presented P values are two-sided. Results for Beta Cell 2 and Lipodystrophy 1 pPSs were statistically significant after adjustment for multiple testing (Supplementary Table 7). G&H, Genes & Health.