Extended Data Fig. 2: Additional clarification of mast cell functional states via single-cell profiling.

(a) Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) map of 125,543 immune and stromal cells color-coded for the indicated cell type (left) and signature genes of main clusters (right). (b) Differentially expressed genes in each mast cell cluster compared with others. (c) The fraction of mast cell clusters (left) and absolute numbers of total mast cells (right) in each patient. (d) Pseudotime trajectories for the three major mast cell clusters. (e–h) Analytical workflow to confirm the presence of mast cell clusters in two external validation cohorts, with our data as the reference. Only treatment-naive TNBC was included, aiming to avoid potential interference by previous therapies on tumor microenvironment. (i, j) Multiplex immunofluorescence of apMCs in TNBC FFPE sections (n = 173 biological replicates in Fig. 1g). Tryptase+CD74+ apMC infiltration was analyzed in four random regions in the full-face scanning image (i) and representative high-performance field of tumors with high or low apMC infiltration was shown (j, indicated by dashed circle in the enlarged panel).