Table 2 Demographic characteristics and metabolic risk factors of the study population stratified by regions (n = 18,090)

From: Dietary profiles and associated metabolic risk factors in India from the ICMR–INDIAB survey-21

Variables	Overall (n = 18,090)	Northern (n = 3,714)	Southern (n = 3,198)	Eastern (n = 2,045)	Western (n = 1,730)	Central (n = 2,470)	Northeastern (n = 4,933)
Age (years)	40 (30, 52)	40 (31, 50)^a	41 (31, 53)	40 (30, 53)^a	42 (32, 53)	40 (30, 53)^a	39 (30, 51)
Sex (male) (%)	49	49^a	45	50^a	48^a	51^a	50^a
Current tobacco use (%)	15	13	13	13	8	10	24
Current alcohol use (%)	15	9	16	16	7	10	23
Family history of T2D (%)	9	10	16	7	9	5	6
Physically inactive^b (%)	61	67	64	55	71	61	54
Metabolic risk factors
BMI (kg m⁻²)	22.2 (19.5, 25.1)	23 (20, 26)	23 (20, 26)	21 (18, 24)	22 (19, 25)^a	22 (19, 25)	22 (19, 24)
Waist circumference (cm)	80.0 (72.0, 88.5)	84.9 (76.3, 92.4)	81.0 (72.7, 89.1)	76.9 (69.0, 86.0)	79.1 (70.0, 87.6)	79.7 (72.1, 87.4)^a	78.0 (71.1, 86.0)
Male (cm)	81.1 (73.2, 89.4)	85.3 (78.1, 92.9)	82.1 (73.6, 90.7)	78.2 (71.0, 88.1)	81.2 (73.1, 90.0)	81.0 (73.9, 88.2)^a	78.4 (72.0, 86.3)
Female (cm)	79.0 (70.4, 87.6)	84.0 (75.0, 92.1)	80.1 (72.1, 88.0)	75.0 (66.5, 83.5)	76.3 (67.0, 85.1)	78.5 (70.7, 86.1)^a	77.9 (70.0, 86.0)
Overweight^c (%)	43	54	49^a	31	43	40	37
Generalized obesity^d (%)	26	37	33	16	26	23	21
Abdominal obesity^e (%)	36	48	41	29	34	32	29
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	126 (116, 137)	127 (118, 137)	125 (115, 136)	127 (117, 138)	126 (116, 137)^a	125 (116, 134)	126 (116, 137)^a
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	81 (74, 87)	82 (76, 88)	79 (71, 86)	80 (73, 87)^a	79 (73, 86)	82 (76, 88)	80 (73, 87)^a
Hypertension^f (%)	27	28	26	29	27	26	28
Fasting CBG (mg dl⁻¹)	96 (87, 105)	97 (88, 107)	96 (88, 106)	95 (88, 104)^a	97 (90, 106)	98 (90, 107)	92 (84, 101)
HbA1c (%)	5.4 (5.0, 5.6)	5.4 (5.1, 5.7)	5.5 (5.2, 5.8)	5.3 (4.9, 5.5)	5.4 (5.0, 5.6)^a	5.4 (5.1, 5.6)	5.2 (4.8, 5.5)
Newly diagnosed T2D^g n (%)	9	11	11	6	12	9	6
Newly diagnosed prediabetes^h (%)	41	43	46	39	42	49	34
Serum triglyceride (mg dl⁻¹)	111 (79, 160)	114 (82, 169)	114 (82, 164)	101 (75, 143)	101 (74, 147)	104 (72, 148)	118 (84, 168)
LDL (mg dl⁻¹)	93 (69, 118)	95 (67, 121)	102 (79, 128)	90 (70, 114)	107 (83, 136)	83 (52, 113)	87 (66, 108)
HDL (mg dl⁻¹)	39 (33, 47)	41 (35, 48)	39 (32, 46)	38 (32, 46)	40 (34, 49)	39 (33, 46)^a	39 (33, 46)^a
Male (mg dl⁻¹)	38 (32, 45)	38 (32, 44)^a	37 (31, 44)^a	37 (32, 44)^a	38 (32, 46)^a	37 (32, 44) ^a	38 (32, 46) ^a
Female (mg dl⁻¹)	41 (35, 48)	43 (37, 50)	40 (34, 47)^a	40 (34, 47)^a	43 (36, 51)	41 (34, 47)^a	40 (34, 47)^a
Dyslipidaemiaⁱ (%)	50	56	53	43	53	44	50^a
Metabolic risk^j (%)	83	89	86	77	85	84	79

Data are presented as weighted median (IQR) for continuous variables and weighted (%) for categorical variables. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. The P value was tested using median and quantile test for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables. These tests were used to compare either the weighted median (continuous variables) or the proportions (categorical variables) for each region with overall. PAL was calculated as TEE for 24 h expressed as a multiple of basal metabolic rates, and calculated as TEE/basal metabolic rate for 24 h. PAL values are as follows: sedentary, 1.40–1.69; moderate, 1.70–1.99 and vigorous, 2.0–2.40.
^aNonsignificant variables.
^bPhysically inactive was defined as participants with sedentary PALs (1.40–1.69).
^cOverweight was defined as BMI ≥ 23 to <25 kg m⁻².
^dGeneralized obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 25 kg m⁻².
^eAbdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference of ≥90 cm for males and ≥80 cm for females.
^fHypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg.
^gNewly diagnosed T2D was defined as HbA1c ≥6.5% and/or if fasting CBG ≥126 mg dl⁻¹ (≥7 mmol l⁻¹) or 2-h postglucose load CBG ≥220 mg dl⁻¹ (≥12.2 mmol l⁻¹).
^hNewly diagnosed prediabetes was defined as HbA1c 5.7–6.4% or if fasting CBG was ≥100–125 mg dl⁻¹ (≥5.6–6.9 mmol l⁻¹) and/or if 2-h postload CBG value was ≥160 and <220 mg dl⁻¹ (≥8.9 to <12.2 mmol l⁻¹).
ⁱDyslipidaemia was defined as serum cholesterol concentrations of ≥200 mg dl⁻¹ (≥5.2 mmol l⁻¹); serum triglyceride concentrations of ≥150 mg dl⁻¹ (≥1.7 mmol l⁻¹) or low HDL-C (male < 40 mg dl⁻¹ (1.04 mmol l⁻¹) and female < 50 mg dl⁻¹ (1.3 mmol l⁻¹)) and LDL-C concentrations of ≥130 mg dl⁻¹ (3.4 mmol l⁻¹).
^jMetabolic risk was defined as the presence of any one of the metabolic risk factors, including newly diagnosed T2D, newly diagnosed prediabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, generalized obesity or abdominal obesity.
LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CBG, capillary blood glucose.

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Table 2 Demographic characteristics and metabolic risk factors of the study population stratified by regions (n = 18,090)

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