Extended Data Table 6 Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for generalized and abdominal obesity in isocaloric substitution analysis for the replacement of 5% energy from carbohydrates with 5% energy from other macronutrients in the study population (n = 18,090)

From: Dietary profiles and associated metabolic risk factors in India from the ICMR–INDIAB survey-21

  1. Two-sided p-values were used in calculating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals via survey logistic regression. Models were adjusted for primary sampling unit (PSU), state code, population weight, age (in years), sex (male/female), family history of type 2 diabetes (yes/no), tobacco use (never/current/past), alcohol use (never/current/past), physical activity level (sedentary/moderate/vigorous), time period the study was conducted, education qualification (primary school/high school/college), body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) (except for generalized obesity), place of residence: urban vs rural, intakes of total energy (kcal/day). It was further adjusted for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, newly diagnosed prediabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and abdominal obesity (except in models with abdominal obesity as an outcome). Models were additionally adjusted for all nutrients except the nutrient being replaced.
  2. aGeneralized obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2.
  3. bAbdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference (cm) ≥90 cm for male and ≥80 cm for female.
  4. cPlant protein includes cereals, pulses, legumes, fruits, vegetables (including roots and tubers), nuts and oilseeds.
  5. dDairy protein includes fermented dairy protein (Indian style yoghurt (curd), buttermilk, lassi) and non-fermented dairy protein (all types of milk (cow/ buffalo/yak/goat), milk added to coffee and tea, paneer (curdled milk solids)).
  6. eAnimal protein (%E) includes red meat, poultry, and egg and egg products and fish and does not include dairy protein.
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