Extended Data Table 7 Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for cardiometabolic risk factors in substitution analysis for the replacement of 50 g refined cereals with 50 g wholegrains’ subtypes in the study population (n = 18,090)

From: Dietary profiles and associated metabolic risk factors in India from the ICMR–INDIAB survey-21

  1. Two-sided p-values were used in calculating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals via survey logistic regression. Total energy adjusted by residual method was used for all the dietary exposure variables (refined cereals (g/day), milled wholegrains (g/day), milled whole wheat (g/day) and milled whole millets (g/day)).
  2. Models were adjusted for primary sampling unit (PSU), state code, population weight, age (in years), sex (male/female), family history of type 2 diabetes (yes/no), tobacco use (never/current/past), alcohol use (never/current/past), physical activity level (sedentary/moderate/vigorous), time period the study was conducted, education qualification (primary school/high school/college), body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) (except for generalized obesity), place of residence: urban vs rural, intakes of total energy (kcal/day), fruits (g/day), vegetables (g/day), tubers (g/day), milk and milk products (g/day), pulses and legumes (g/day), animal foods (g/day), nuts and oilseeds (g/day), and edible oils and fats (g/day). It was further adjusted for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (except in models with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and newly diagnosed prediabetes as outcomes), newly diagnosed prediabetes (except in models with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and newly diagnosed prediabetes as outcomes), hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and abdominal obesity (except in models with generalized and abdominal obesity as an outcome). Models were additionally adjusted for all food groups except the food group being replaced.
  3. aNewly diagnosed type 2 diabetes was defined as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥6.5% and/or if fasting capillary blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL (≥7 mmol/L) or 2-h post glucose load capillary blood glucose ≥220 mg/dL (≥12.2 mmol/L).
  4. bNewly diagnosed prediabetes was defined as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 5.7%–6.4% or if fasting capillary blood glucose was ≥100–125 mg/dL (≥5.6–6.9 mmol/L) and/or if 2-h post load capillary blood glucose value was ≥160 and <220 mg/dL (≥8.9 to <12.2 mmol/L).
  5. cGeneralized obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2.
  6. dAbdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference of ≥90 cm for males and ≥80 cm for females.
  7. eMilled wholegrains include milled whole wheat and milled whole millet as flours.
  8. fMilled whole wheat includes foods made from whole wheat grits and flour.
  9. gMilled whole millets include foods made from millet grits and flours.
  10. For milled wholegrains, the analysis only included participants who consumed ≥50 g.
Back to article page